Thucydides Trap or Orderly Multipolar World?

Challenges and Opportunities for Africa

Published July 2025

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This conference was convened to consider how the continent should position itself in a sharply shifting world. It was prompted by the following two provocations.

It explored the question of whether geopolitics is currently headed towards a “Thucydides Trap” – a great conflagration between an established power and a rising one, as in the case of Athens and Sparta during Thucydides’ time – or whether it might settle into a new multipolar order.

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