The IDS is structured around three pathways — decarbonisation, diversification and digitalisation. Sectoral concentration is sharpest precisely where the IDS proposes to focus its decarbonisation pathway: large firms hold about 95% of mining turnover, 86% of electricity, gas and water, and 84% of manufacturing. Small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) are about twice as employment-intensive compared with large firms: they generated 44% of total employment in 2021 despite holding only 22% of turnover.

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